Viral envelope




Schematic of a Cytomegalovirus


Some viruses (e.g. HIV and many animal viruses) have viral envelopes covering their protective protein capsids.[1] The envelopes are typically derived from portions of the host cell membranes (phospholipids and proteins), but include some viral glycoproteins. They may help viruses avoid the host immune system. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope serve to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane. The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane, allowing the capsid and viral genome to enter and infect the host.


The cell from which the virus itself buds will often die or be weakened and shed more viral particles for an extended period. The lipid bilayer envelope of these viruses is relatively sensitive to desiccation, heat, and detergents, therefore these viruses are easier to sterilize than non-enveloped viruses, have limited survival outside host environments, and typically must transfer directly from host to host. Enveloped viruses possess great adaptability and can change in a short time in order to evade the immune system. Enveloped viruses can cause persistent infections.




Contents





  • 1 Enveloped examples

    • 1.1 DNA viruses


    • 1.2 RNA viruses


    • 1.3 Retroviruses



  • 2 Nonenveloped examples

    • 2.1 DNA viruses


    • 2.2 RNA viruses



  • 3 See also


  • 4 References


  • 5 External links




Enveloped examples


Classes of enveloped viruses that contain human pathogens:



DNA viruses


  • Herpesviruses

  • Poxviruses

  • Hepadnaviruses


RNA viruses


  • Flavivirus

  • Togavirus

  • Coronavirus

  • Hepatitis D

  • Orthomyxovirus

  • Paramyxovirus


  • Rhabdovirus[2]

  • Bunyavirus

  • Filovirus


Retroviruses


  • Retroviruses


Nonenveloped examples


Classes of nonenveloped viruses that contain human pathogens:



DNA viruses


  • Adenoviridae

  • Papillomaviridae


RNA viruses


  • Picornaviridae

  • Caliciviridae


See also


  • Bacterial capsule

  • Cell envelope


References




  1. ^ "CHAPTER #11: VIRUSES". Archived from the original on 2008-11-10. Retrieved 2008-11-07..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ "The Rabies Virus". CDC. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2008-11-07.




External links



  • "Virus Structure". Molecular Expressions: Images from the Microscope. Retrieved 2007-06-27.








-

Popular posts from this blog

【情報】本週珍珠商品重點：煉金時裝 + 艾港勞工宿舍！！

Image
(function(w,d,s,l,i))(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KDKMGT'); (function(d, s, id) var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) return; js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/zh_TW/all.js#xfbml=1&appId=668497826514848"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); (document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); var hotKeywords = ["u4e16u754cu738b","u4ebau53c3","u4ebau8518","u99ac","u65b0u624b","u8cbfu6613","u885du88dd","u8077u696d","u91e3u9b5a","u5de1u6797u8005","u6c34u6676","u5de1u6797","u758au5c64","u5361u666e","u6d77u602a"]; var useOldSearch = 0; var googlecseLoad = function() var cx = '001994533065495648396:c3salsx3fty'; var gcse = document.createElement('script'); gcse.type = 'text/javascript'; gcse.asyn
Read more

京昆高速公路

Image
坐标： 35°01′30″N 109°57′59″E  /  35.0249599°N 109.9665°E  / 35.0249599; 109.9665 国家高速G5 北京－昆明高速公路 路線簡稱 京昆高速 起點 北京 終點 云南昆明 建设规划 規劃總里程 2716公里 参见 中华人民共和国高速公路 中国国家高速公路网 北京－昆明高速公路 ，简称 京昆高速 （中国国家高速公路网编号 G5 ），北起北京，南抵云南昆明，途经北京、河北、山西、陕西、四川、云南6省市区，贯穿南北东西，全长约2716公里。 [1] 途经主要地区有北京－保定－石家庄－阳泉－太原－晋中－临汾－运城－渭南－西安－汉中－广元－绵阳－德阳－成都－雅安－凉山州－攀枝花－楚雄州－昆明。 目录 1 路段 2 各省过境节点与过境里程 3 沿线出入口及服务区 4 来源 5 参见 路段 中华人民共和国交通运输部已启动全国高速公路统一命名和编号工作，纳入国道主干线的高速公路将逐步使用新名称替换旧名称，下面列出其具体走向的旧名，以资参考。 北京段：全通。 河北段：京界—石家庄曲阳桥段已通，曲阳桥—山西段石太二通道已通。 山西段：全通。 陕西段：全通。 四川段：全通。 云南段：全通。 各省过境节点与过境里程 京昆高速公路过境里程 （公里） [2] 省级行政区 过境里程数 起点 起点里程数 终点（省界点） 终点里程数 北京 60 北京 0 京冀界 60 河北 274.766 冀京界 60 井陉（冀晋界） 334.766 山西 503.458 旧关（晋冀界） 335 禹门口（晋陕界） 838.458 陕西 624.451 禹门口（陕晋界） 839 棋盘关（陕川界） 1463.451 四川 1038.205 棋盘关（川陕界） 1464 永仁方山（川滇界） 2502.205 云南 213 四川田房（滇川界） 2503 昆明 2716 途径省份 里程 起点地名 终点地名 北京 40.000 北京 京冀界 河北 30.000 冀京界 涞水 135.566 涞水 保定石家庄交界 61.200 保定石家庄交界 鹿泉 48.000 鹿泉 井陉(冀晋界) 山西 141.460 旧关(晋冀界) 武宿(东山枢纽) 16.000 武宿(东山枢纽) 罗城(枢纽) 33.165 罗城(枢纽) 夏家营(义望枢纽) 23
Read more

【攻略】陳戈-謝勒汗智慧的古書 (完成)

Image
(function(w,d,s,l,i);w[l].push('gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js');var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); )(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KDKMGT'); (function(d, s, id) var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) return; js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/zh_TW/all.js#xfbml=1&appId=668497826514848"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); (document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); var hotKeywords = ["u4e16u754cu738b","u4ebau53c3","u99ac","u4ebau8518","u65b0u624b","u885du88dd","u8cbfu6613","u5de1u6797u8005","u8077u696d","u5de1u6797","u91e3u9b5a","
Read more