单性生殖






中间为单性生殖的只有雌性个体的物种新墨西哥鞭尾蜥(Cnemidophorus neomexicanus),两边为有性生殖的物种,左为雄性小斑纹鞭尾蜥(C. inornatus),右为雌性西部鞭尾蜥(C. tigris)。新墨西哥鞭尾蜥为二者自然杂交产生的物种。


单性生殖又称为孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis),是动物或植物的卵子,不经过受精过程,而单独发育成后代的生殖方式,與一般无性生殖稍有區別。


单性生殖一般发生在多种植物和无脊椎动物中,但也有一些脊椎动物如某些爬行动物[1](如钩盲蛇、红尾蚺、科摩多巨蜥、哀鳞趾虎、新墨西哥鞭尾蜥),在一些特殊的鸟类[2]和鲨鱼品种(如窄头双髻鲨、条纹斑竹鲨、黑边鳍真鲨)中也会出现[3]。如水蚤、蜜蜂、蒲公英和一些禾类中,这些现象为“天然单性生殖”,人为的刺激未受精卵发育,成为“人工单性生殖”,曾经实验过将蚕、青蛙、番茄等成功地进行单性生殖,可以完整地保留母体性状。




目录





  • 1 产雄孤雌生殖


  • 2 注释


  • 3 参考文献


  • 4 外部链接




产雄孤雌生殖


单性生殖的后代如果全为雄性,称为“产雄单性生殖”或“产雄孤雌生殖”,例如蜜蜂产育雄蜂,就是一种产雄单性生殖;如果后代全为雌性,称为“产雌单性生殖”,例如夏季的蚜虫繁殖,新墨西哥鞭尾蜥的繁殖等。



注释




  1. ^ Halliday, Tim R.; Kraig Adler (eds.). Reptiles & Amphibians. Torstar Books. 1986: p. 101. ISBN 0-920269-81-8.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)


  2. ^ Savage, Thomas F. A Guide to the Recognition of Parthenogenesis in Incubated Turkey Eggs. Oregon State University. September 12, 2005 [2006-10-11]. 


  3. ^ "Female Sharks Can Reproduce Alone, Researchers Find", Washington Post, Wednesday, May 23, 2007; Page A02



参考文献


  • Dawley, Robert M. & Bogart, James P. (1989). Evolution and Ecology of Unisexual Vertebrates. Albany, New York: New York State Museum. ISBN 1-55557-179-4.

  • Fangerau H. (2005). Can Artificial Parthenogenesis sidestep ethical pitfalls in human therapeutic cloning? A historical perspective, Journal of Medical Ethics 31, 733-735

  • Futuyma, Douglas J. & Slatkin, Montgomery. (1983). Coevolution. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-228-3.


  • Timothy A. Hore, Robert W. Rapkins, Jennifer A. Marshall Graves. Construction and evolution of imprinted loci in mammals. Trends in Genetics: 440–448. [2018-04-02]. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2007.07.003. 

  • Maynard Smith, John. (1978). The Evolution of Sex. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29302-2.

  • Michod, Richard E. & Levin, Bruce R. (1988). The Evolution of Sex. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-459-6.

  • Phillip C. Watts, Kevin R. Buley, Stephanie Sanderson, Wayne Boardman, Claudio Ciofi and Richard Gibson. (2006). Parthenogenesis in Komodo dragons. Nature 444, 1021-1022

  • Schlupp, I. (2005) The evolutionary ecology of gynogenesis. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 36: 399-417.

  • Simon, Jean-Christophe, Rispe, Claude & Sunnucks, Paul. (2002). Ecology and evolution of sex in aphids. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 17, 34-39.

  • Stearns, Stephan C. (1988). The Evolution of Sex and Its Consequences (Experientia Supplementum, Vol. 55). Boston: Birkhauser. ISBN 0-8176-1807-4.


外部链接


  • Parthenogenesis of Mice at Nature.com

  • Reproductive behavior in whiptails at Crews Laboratory

  • Types of asexual reproduction


  • Parthenogenesis in Incubated Turkey Eggs from Oregon State University

  • National Geographic NEWS: Virgin Birth Expected at Christmas – By Komodo Dragon

  • BBC NEWS: 'Virgin births' for giant lizards (Komodo dragon)

  • REUTERS: Komodo dragon proud mum (and dad) of five

  • Female sharks capable of virgin birth

  • Marmorkrebs.org

  • Scientists confirm shark's ‘virgin birth’ Article by Steve Szkotak AP updated 1:49 a.m. ET, Fri., Oct. 10, 2008


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