战略情报局
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战略情报局 | |
(Office of Strategic Services) | |
 OSS肩徽章 | |
| 機構概要 | |
|---|---|
| 成立時間 | 1942年6月13日 |
| 解散時間 | 1945年9月20日 |
| 後繼機構 | 中央情报局(CIA) |
| 僱員數 | 約13,000人[1] |
战略情报局（英语：Office of Strategic Services，OSS、美國戰略情報處）是美国在二战期间成立的一个情报组织，由富蘭克林·德拉諾·羅斯福总统（小罗斯福）下令成立，同时成立的还有美国战时情报局（OWI）。该组织即为后来中央情报局（CIA）的前身，二战结束后杜鲁门总统将其解散。
目录
1 历史
2 机构
3 圖片
4 參考資料
5 外部連結
历史
该组织的前身为情报协调局（COI），在二战后，这一机构的职能同诸如联邦调查局等组织相重合。参谋长联席会议希望将其置于自己的掌控之下。小罗斯福则希望能将COI负责国外情报的部门留下，使其处在军方的控制之外。COI剩下的这部分机构就成为了战略情报局，小罗斯福在1942年6月13日下令成立战略情报局，还指派了曾在英国情报机构工作过的陸軍將領威廉·唐諾文以文官身份担任该局的局长。OSS的职责是收集和分析情报以供参谋长联席会议使用，同时还要领导其成员执行任务。[2]1943年小罗斯福表示，要在战后撤销这个单位。杜鲁门就职后不久就解散了它，但留下了其间谍和情报部门。1946年杜鲁门成立了中央情报组，同时将战略情报局的成员转移到该部门，日后这个组织改名为中央情报局。[3]
机构
其分支机构包括秘密情报部门，特别行动部门（Special Operations），行动小组（Operational Groups）[4]，心理战活动部门（Morale Operations），反间谍部门（X-2）等。[5]情报部门的职责便是派遣间谍获取情报。特别行动部门负责在欧洲和亚洲组织游击活动。比如，在诺曼底登陆前，这个部门和英国的特别行动机构（Special Operations Executive）一道，将许多军官训练并越过封锁线派遣到欧洲同当地的抵抗组织一起战斗。[6]行动小组则派遣军官进入敌占区，训练并武装当地人进行抵抗活动。行动小组在意大利、希腊、南斯拉夫、挪威、法国和中国训练了数千人的别动队同当地占领军作战。[7]战略情报局还联合海军部同中國國民政府军统局共同成立了中美特种技术合作所，以加强情报交流[8]。心理战活动部门主要进行打击敌方士气的活动，如散播谣言、发放传单、干扰敌方电台等。[9]为了方便其成员活动，战略情报局还开发许多新奇的装备，如传递信息用的空芯硬币、藏在火柴盒里的袖珍照相机、价格低廉的单发“解放者”手枪（这种手枪的改进型被中央情报局在越南战争中再度使用）等。[10]
圖片
只有一發子弹的解放者手槍
威廉·J·多諾萬將軍在1945年動身前往中國之前，視察馬里蘭州貝塞斯達的業務組成員。
在1943年11月的第一次任務中，身為南斯拉夫祖國軍的OSS第一中尉喬治·穆蘇林在德國占領的塞爾維亞邊境之前。他的第二個任務是「升降索行動」。
參考資料
- 文中引用
^ Dawidoff, p. 240
^ What Was OSS? 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2012-09-27.
^ 美国中央情报局在中国与中美关系 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2010-12-27.
^ 劉忠勇 2011, pp. 15-22.
^ http://www.ossog.org/index.html
^ Special Operations
^ overview 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2009-09-13.
^ 中美特种技术合作所之建立
^ OSS - The Psychology of War
^ Weapons & Spy Gear 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2014-02-21.
- 來源明細
.mw-parser-output .refbeginfont-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ullist-style-type:none;margin-left:0.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>ddmargin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100font-size:100%
- Albarelli, H.P. A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA’s Secret Cold War Experiments (2009) ISBN 0-9777953-7-3
- Aldrich, Richard J. Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)
Alsop, Stewart and Braden, Thomas. Sub Rosa: The OSS and American Espionage (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1946)- Bank, Aaron. From OSS to Green Berets: The Birth of Special Forces (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1986)
- Bartholomew-Feis, Dixee R. The OSS and Ho Chi Minh: Unexpected Allies in the War against Japan (Lawrence : University Press of Kansas, 2006)
- Bernstein, Barton J. "Birth of the U.S. biological warfare program" Scientific American 256: 116 – 121, 1987.
- Brown, Anthony Cave. The Last Hero: Wild Bill Donovan (New York: Times Books, 1982)
Casey, William J. The Secret War Against Hitler (Washington: Regnery Gateway, 1988)- Chalou, George C. (ed.) The Secrets War: The Office of Strategic Services in World War II (Washington: National Archives and Records Administration, 1991)
- Dawidoff, Nicholas. The Catcher was a Spy: The Mysterious Life of Moe Berg ( New York: Vintage Books, 1994)
Dulles, Allen. The Secret Surrender (New York: Harper & Row, 1966)- Dunlop, Richard. Donovan: America’s Master Spy (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1982)
- Ford, Corey. Donovan of OSS (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970)
- Grose, Peter. Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994)
- Hassell, A, and MacRae, S: Alliance of Enemies: The Untold Story of the Secret American and German Collaboration to End World War II, Thomas Dunne Books, 2006
- Hunt, E. Howard. American Spy, 2007
- Jakub, Jay. Spies and Saboteurs: Anglo-American Collaboration and Rivalry in Human Intelligence Collection and Special Operations, 1940–45 (New York: St. Martin's, 1999)
- Jones, Ishmael. The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture (New York: Encounter Books, 2008, rev 2010)
- Katz, Barry M. Foreign Intelligence: Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Services, 1942–1945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989)
- Kent, Sherman. Strategic Intelligence for American Foreign Policy (Hamden, CT: Archon, 1965 [1949])
Lovell, Stanley P. Of spies & stratagems. Pocket Books. 1964. ASIN B0007ESKHE.- McIntosh, Elizabeth P. Sisterhood of Spies: The Women of the OSS (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998)
- Melton, H. Keith. OSS Special Weapons and Equipment: Spy Devices of World War II (New York: Sterling Publishing, 1991)
- Moulin, Pierre. U.S. Samurais in Bruyeres (CPL Editions: Luxembourg, 1993)
- Persico, Joseph E. Piercing the Reich: The Penetration of Nazi Germany by American Secret Agents During World War II (New York: Viking, 1979)
- Peterson, Neal H. (ed.) From Hitler’s Doorstep: The Wartime Intelligence Reports of Allen Dulles, 1942–1945 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996)
- Pinck, Daniel C. Journey to Peking: A Secret Agent in Wartime China (Naval Institute Press, 2003)
- Pinck, Daniel C., Jones, Geoffrey M.T. and Pinck, Charles T. (eds.) Stalking the History of the Office of Strategic Services: An OSS Bibliography (Boston: OSS/Donovan Press, 2000)
Roosevelt, Kermit (ed.) War Report of the OSS, two volumes (New York: Walker, 1976)- Rudgers, David F. Creating the Secret State: The Origins of the Central Intelligence Agency, 1943–1947 (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2000)
- Smith, Bradley F. and Agarossi, Elena. Operation Sunrise: The Secret Surrender (New York: Basic Books, 1979)
- Smith, Bradley F. The Shadow Warriors: OSS and the Origins of the CIA (New York: Basic, 1983)
- Smith, Richard Harris. OSS: The Secret History of America’s First Central Intelligence Agency (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972; Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005)
- Steury, Donald P. The Intelligence War (New York: Metrobooks, 2000)
- Troy, Thomas F. Donovan and the CIA: A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency (Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1981)
- Troy, Thomas F. Wild Bill & Intrepid (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996)
- Waller, John H. The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War (New York: Random House, 1996)
- Warner, Michael. The Office of Strategic Services : America’s First Intelligence Agency (Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, 2001)
- Yu, Maochun. OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996)
（繁体中文）劉忠勇. 《中華民國傘兵作戰史1945~1953 落葉成泥》（Fallen Leaves: An account of some overlooked stories of the Chinese paratroopers）. 經綸天下出版社. 2011-05-09: 200頁 [2011]. ISBN 978-9-86-870390-2.
（繁体中文）劉忠勇. 《頂好！出死入生的中美突擊隊》. 經綸天下出版社. 2012-02-06: 372頁 [2012]. ISBN 978-9-86-870391-9. 引文格式1维护：日期与年 (link)
外部連結
 | 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：战略情报局 |
- "The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency"
- National Park Service Report on OSS Training Facilities
Collection of Documents at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Museum and Library, Part 1 and Part 2- The OSS Society
- OSS Reborn
