科普利獎章
约翰·西奥菲勒斯·德札古利埃，唯一一个获得过三次科普利奖章的人
科普利獎章（英语：Copley Medal）是英國皇家學会每年頒發的科學獎章，以奖励“在任何科学分支上的杰出成就”。始于1731年授予斯蒂芬·格雷的科普利獎章是皇家學会仍在颁发的最古老的科学奖章，也可能是世界上最早的科学奖章。
目录
1 历史
2 歷屆得主
2.1 1731-1800
2.2 1801-1850
2.3 1851-1900
2.4 1901-1950
2.5 1951-2000
2.6 2001年至今
3 参见
4 外部連結
历史
獎章起始於戈弗雷·科普利爵士（Sir Godfrey Copley）在1709年捐贈100英磅作為實驗研究的基金，於1731年開始頒發，也是當時科學界的最高榮譽之一。科普利獎章沒有獲獎次數的限制，有斯蒂芬·格雷等多位科学家获得过两次科普利獎章，约翰·西奥菲勒斯·德札古利埃是唯一一位获得过三次科普利奖章的科学家。另外，还有多个年份的奖章以不同的获奖理由颁发给两位及以上科学家，其中1766年的科普利奖章颁发给了亨利·卡文迪什等三人。
自20世纪后，有许多诺贝尔奖获得者也获得了科普利獎章，包括17位物理学奖获得者，21位生理学或医学奖获得者以及14位化学奖获得者，共计52位（截止2013年）。1976年，多萝西·霍奇金成为第一位也是唯一一位（截止2013年）获得过科普利獎章的女性。
歷屆得主
1731-1800
| 年份 | 获奖者 | 肖像 | 获奖理由 | 注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1731年 | 斯蒂芬·格雷 |  | "For his new Electrical Experiments: – as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge" | [1] |
| 1732年 | 斯蒂芬·格雷 | | "For the Experiments he made for the year 1732" | [1] |
| 1733年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1734年 | 约翰·西奥菲勒斯·德札古利埃 |  | "In consideration of his several Experiments performed before the Society" | [2] |
| 1735年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1736年 | 约翰·西奥菲勒斯·德札古利埃 | | "For his experiments made during the year" | [2] |
| 1737年 | 约翰·贝尔希耶 |  | "For his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour" | [3] |
| 1738年 | 詹姆斯·瓦卢 | | "For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster, the Model whereof had been shown to the Society" | — |
| 1739年 | 史蒂芬·黑尔斯 |  | "For his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone; and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea" | [4] |
| 1740年 | 亚历山大·斯图尔特 | | "For his Lectures on Muscular Motion. As a further addition for his services to the Society in the care and pains he has taken therein" | [5] |
| 1741年 | 约翰·西奥菲勒斯·德札古利埃 | | "For his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year." | [2] |
| 1742年 | 克里斯托弗·米德尔顿 | | "For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North-West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay" | [6] |
| 1743年 | 亚伯拉罕·特朗布雷 |  | "For his Experiments on the Polypus" | — |
| 1744年 | 亨利·贝克 |  | "For his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum" | [7] |
| 1745年 | 威廉·沃森 |  | "On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity, exhibited in his late Experiments" | [8] |
| 1746年 | 本杰明·罗宾斯 | | "On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles" | [9] |
| 1747年 | 戈温·奈特 |  | "On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him, both with Natural and Artificial Magnets" | [10] |
| 1748年 | 詹姆斯·布拉德雷 |  | "On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars, and the causes of such apparent motion" | [11] |
| 1749年 | 约翰·哈里森 |  | "On account of those very curious Instruments, invented and made by him, for the exact mensuration of Time" | [12] |
| 1750年 | 乔治·爱德华兹 |  | "On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. – containing the Figures elegantly drawn, and illuminated in their proper colours, of 209 different Birds, and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds, Serpents, Fishes, and Insects." | [13] |
| 1751年 | 约翰·坎通 |  | "On account of his communicating to the Society, and exhibiting before them, his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones" | [14] |
| 1752年 | 约翰·普林格 |  | "On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti-septic Substances, communicated to the Society" | [15] |
| 1753年 | 班傑明·富蘭克林 |  | "On account of his curious Experiments and Observations on Electricity" | [16] |
| 1754年 | 威廉·刘易斯 | | "For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: – which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials" | [17] |
| 1755年 | 约翰·赫克萨姆 |  | "For his many useful Experiments on Antimony, of which an account had been read to the Society" | [18] |
| 1756年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1757年 | 查尔斯·卡文迪什 | | "On account of his very curious and useful invention of making Thermometers, showing respectively the greatest degrees of heat and cold which have happened at any time during the absence of the observer" | [10] |
| 1758年 | 约翰·多伦德 |  | "On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light, communicated to the Society" | [19] |
| 1759年 | 约翰·斯密顿 |  | "On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society. For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills" | [20] |
| 1760年 | 本杰明·威尔逊 |  | "For his many curious Experiments in Electricity, communicated to the Society within the year" | [21] |
| 1761年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1762年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1763年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1764年 | 约翰·坎通 | | "For his very ingenious and elegant Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids" | [14] |
| 1765年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1766年 | 威廉·布朗里格 |  | "For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit, or Air, contained in Spa-Water; as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit." | |
| 爱德华·迪拉沃 | "For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations." | |||
| 亨利·卡文迪什 |  | "For his Paper communicated this present year, containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air." | [22] | |
| 1767年 | ||||
| 1768年 | ||||
| 1769年 | ||||
| 1770年 | ||||
| 1771年 | ||||
| 1772年 | 約瑟夫·普利斯特里 |  | "On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations" | |
| 1773年 | ||||
| 1774年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1775年 | 内维尔·马斯基林 |  | "In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains, made in Scotland, – on Schehallien" | [23] |
| 1776年 | 詹姆斯·庫克 |  | "For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public" | [24] |
| 1777年 | ||||
| 1778年 | ||||
| 1779年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1780年 | 塞缪尔·文斯 |  | "For his paper, entitled, An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" | [25] |
| 1781年 | 威廉·赫歇尔 |  | "For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this star has been for many years, perhaps ages, within the bounds of astronomic vision, and yet till now, eluded the most diligent researches of other observers" | [26] |
| 1782年 | ||||
| 1783年 | 约翰·古德利克 |  | "For his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol." | |
| 托马斯·哈钦斯 | "For his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation." | [25] | ||
| 1784年 | 爱德华·华林 |  | "For his Mathematical Communications to the Society. For his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series" | [27] |
| 1785年 | ||||
| 1786年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1787年 | 約翰·杭特 |  | "For his three Papers, – On the Ovaria, On the identity of the dog, wolf, and jackall species, and On the anatomy of Whales, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787" | [28] |
| 1788年 | 查爾斯·布拉格登 |  | "For his two Papers on Congelation, printed in the last (78th) volume of the Philosophical transactions" | [29] |
| 1789年 | ||||
| 1790年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1791年 | ||||
| 1792年 | 本杰明·汤普森 |  | "For his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat" | [30] |
| 1793年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1794年 | 亚历山德罗·伏特 |  | "For his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani" | — |
| 1795年 | 杰西·拉姆斯登 |  | "For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates" | [31] |
| 1796年 | 乔治·阿特伍德 | | "For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies" | [32] |
| 1797年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1798年 | 乔治·沙克伯勒-伊夫林爵士 | "For his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions." | ||
| 查理斯·哈契特 |  | "For his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions." | [33] | |
| 1799年 | 约翰·黑林斯 | | "For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers" | [34] |
| 1800年 | 愛德華·查爾斯·霍華德 | | "For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury" | [35] |
1801-1850
| 年份 | 获奖者 | 肖像 | 获奖理由 | 注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1801年 | 阿斯特利·库柏 |  | "For his Papers – on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness" | [36] |
| 1802年 | 威廉·海德·沃勒斯顿 |  | "For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions" | [37] |
| 1803年 | Richard Chenevix |  | "For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions" | [38] |
| 1804年 | 史密森·特南特 | | "For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions" | [39] |
| 1805年 | 汉弗里·戴维 |  | "For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions" | [40] |
| 1806年 | Thomas Andrew Knight |  | "For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" | [41] |
| 1807年 | Everard Home |  | "For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" | — |
| 1808年 | 威廉·亨利 |  | "For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions" | — |
| 1809年 | Edward Troughton | | "For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions" | [42] |
| 1810年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1811年 | ||||
| 1812年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1813年 | ||||
| 1814年 | ||||
| 1815年 | 大卫·布儒斯特 |  | "For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies" | [43] |
| 1816年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1817年 | ||||
| 1818年 | ||||
| 1819年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1820年 | 漢斯·奧斯特 |  | "For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries" | [44] |
| 1821年 | 爱德华·萨宾 |  | "For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions." | |
| 约翰·赫歇尔 |  | "For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions." | [45] | |
| 1822年 | 威廉·布克蘭 |  | "For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale" | [46] |
| 1823年 | ||||
| 1824年 | ||||
| 1825年 | 弗朗索瓦·阿拉戈 |  | "For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree. " | |
| 彼得·巴洛 |  | "For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism. " | [47] | |
| 1826年 | ||||
| 1827年 | ||||
| 1828年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1829年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1830年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1831年 | 乔治·比德尔·艾里 |  | "For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, – On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society" | [48] |
| 1832年 | 麥可·法拉第 |  | "For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year." | |
| 西莫恩·帕松 |  | "For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire." | [49] | |
| 1833年 | 未頒發 | |||
| 1834年 | ||||
| 1835年 | ||||
| 1836年 | 永斯·贝采利乌斯 |  | "For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works." | |
| 弗朗西斯·基尔南 | "For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833." | |||
| 1837年 | 安托万·塞萨尔·贝克勒尔 |  | "For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires. " | |
| 约翰·弗雷德里克·丹尼尔 |  | "For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836." | [50] | |
| 1838年 | 卡尔·弗里德里希·高斯 |  | "For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism. " | |
| 迈克尔·法拉第 | | "For his researches in specific electrical induction." | [51] | |
| 1839年 | 罗伯特·布朗 |  | "For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation" | [52] |
| 1840年 | 尤斯图斯·冯·李比希 |  | "For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals." | [53] |
| 雅克·夏尔·弗朗索瓦·施图姆 |  | "For his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques," published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835." | [54] | |
| 1841年 | 格奧爾格·歐姆 |  | "For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet" | [55] |
| 1842年 | 詹姆斯·麦古拉 |  | "For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy" | [56] |
| 1843年 | 让-巴蒂斯特·杜马 |  | "For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry, particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution, and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and other elements" | — |
| 1844年 | 卡尔洛·马泰乌奇 |  | "For his various researches in animal electricity" | [57] |
| 1845年 | 泰奥多尔·施旺 |  | "For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. Bflanzen" | — |
| 1846年 | 奥本·勒维耶 |  | "For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation" | [58] |
| 1847年 | 约翰·赫歇尔 |  | "For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825" | [45] |
| 1848年 | 约翰·柯西·亚当斯 |  | "For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto" | [59] |
| 1849年 | 罗德里克·麦奇生 |  | "For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains" | — |
| 1850年 | 彼得·安德烈亚斯·汉森 |  | "For his researches in physical astronomy" | [40] |
1851-1900
| 年份 | 获奖者 | 肖像 | 获奖理由 | 注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1851年 | 理查·欧文 |  | "On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works" | [60] |
| 1852年 | 亚历山大·冯·洪堡 |  | "For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years" | [61] |
| 1853年 | 海因里希·威廉·多费 |  | "For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth" | — |
| 1854年 | 约翰内斯·彼得·缪勒 |  | "For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin" | [62] |
| 1855年 | 莱昂·傅科 |  | "For his various researches in experimental physics" | [40] |
| 1856年 | 亨利·米尔恩-爱德华兹 |  | "For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology" | — |
| 1857年 | 米歇尔·欧仁·谢弗勒尔 |  | "For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, and for his researches on the contrast of coulours" | [40] |
| 1858年 | 查尔斯·莱尔 |  | "For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology" | [40] |
| 1859年 | 威廉·韦伯 |  | "For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches in electricity, magnetism, acoustics" | [63] |
| 1860年 | 罗伯特·威廉·本生 |  | "For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland; and other researches" | [40] |
| 1861年 | 路易斯·阿加西 |  | "For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse" | [40] |
| 1862年 | 托马斯·格雷姆 |  | "For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861" | [64] |
| 1863年 | ||||
| 1864年 | 查爾斯·達爾文 |  | "For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology" | [40] |
| 1865年 | 米歇尔·沙勒 |  | "For his historical and original researches in pure geometry" | [65] |
| 1866年 | 尤利乌斯·普吕克 |  | "For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis" | [66] |
| 1867年 | 卡尔·恩斯特·冯·贝尔 |  | "For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology" | [40] |
| 1868年 | 查尔斯·惠斯通 |  | "For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism" | [40] |
| 1869年 | 亨利·维克托·勒尼奥 |  | "For the second volume of his Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques necessaries au calcul des machines a feu, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours" | [40] |
| 1870年 | 詹姆斯·焦耳 |  | "For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat" | [40] |
| 1871年 | 尤利乌斯·罗伯特·冯·迈尔 |  | "For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on: – 1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat" | [40] |
| 1872年 | 弗里德里希·维勒 |  | "For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones" | [40] |
| 1873年 | 赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹 |  | "For his researches in physics and physiology" | [67] |
| 1874年 | 路易·巴斯德 |  | "For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine" | [40] |
| 1875年 | 奥古斯特·威廉·冯·霍夫曼 |  | "For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia" | [68] |
| 1876年 | 克洛德·贝尔纳 |  | "For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology" | [40] |
| 1877年 | 詹姆斯·德怀特·丹纳 |  | "For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published" | [40] |
| 1878年 | J·B·布森戈 |  | "For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry" | [69] |
| 1879年 | 鲁道夫·克劳修斯 |  | "For his well-known researches upon heat" | [70] |
| 1880年 | 詹姆斯·约瑟夫·西尔维斯特 |  | "For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics" | [71] |
| 1881年 | 查尔斯-阿道夫·武尔茨 |  | "For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry" | — |
| 1882年 | 阿瑟·凯莱 |  | "For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics" | [72] |
| 1883年 | 威廉·汤姆森 |  | "For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics" | [73] |
| 1884年 | 卡尔·路德维希 |  | "For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science" | — |
| 1885年 | 弗里德里希·奥古斯特·凯库勒 |  | "For his researches in organic chemistry" | [40] |
| 1886年 | 弗朗茨·恩斯特·諾伊曼 |  | "For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics" | [74] |
| 1887年 | 约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克 |  | "For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller" | [40] |
| 1888年 | 托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎 |  | "For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years" | [40] |
| 1889年 | ||||
| 1890年 | 西蒙·纽康 |  | "For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy" | [75] |
| 1891年 | 斯坦尼斯劳·坎尼扎罗 |  | "For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory" | [40] |
| 1892年 | 鲁道夫·菲尔绍 |  | "For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology" | [40] |
| 1893年 | 乔治·斯托克斯 |  | "For his researches and discoveries in physical science" | [76] |
| 1894年 | ||||
| 1895年 | 卡尔·魏尔斯特拉斯 |  | "For his investigations in pure mathematics" | [77] |
| 1896年 | 卡尔·根格包尔 |  | "For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc" | — |
| 1897年 | 阿尔伯特·冯·科立克 |  | "In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist" | — |
| 1898年 | 威廉·哈金斯 |  | "For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies" 因其对应用于天体的光谱分析研究 | |
| 1899年 | 约翰·斯特拉特 |  | "In recognition of his contributions to physical science" 因其对物理科学的贡献 | [78] |
| 1900年 | 马塞兰·贝特洛 |  | "For his brilliant services to chemical science" 为他对化学科学做出的杰出贡献 | [40] |
1901-1950
| 年份 | 获奖者 | 肖像 | 获奖理由 | 注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901年 | 約西亞·吉布斯 |  | "For his contributions to mathematical physics" 对数学物理做出的贡献 | [79] |
| 1902年 | 约瑟夫·李斯特 |  | "In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery" 为他的生理学和病理学研究对现代手术实践所造成的影响 | [80] |
| 1903年 | 爱德华·修斯 |  | "For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'" 为他在地质学上的贡献，特别是总结發表在《地球的面貌》中杰出的原创工作 | [80] |
| 1904年 | 威廉·克鲁克斯 |  | "For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects" 为其长期从事光谱化学、稀有气体的电学和力学现象、放射性现象和其他学科的研究 | [80] |
| 1905年 | 门捷列夫 |  | "For his contributions to chemical and physical science" 为其在化学及物理学上的贡献 | [80] |
| 1906年 | 埃黎耶·埃黎赫·梅契尼可夫 |  | "On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology" 为其在动物学及病理学上的重要工作 | [80] |
| 1907年 | 阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙 |  | "On the ground of his investigations in optics" 为其在光学领域的研究贡献 | [80] |
| 1908年 | 阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士 |  | "On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection" 为其在自然史领域的许多有巨大价值的贡献，及其在物种起源的自然选择理论中的工作 | [80] |
| 1909年 | 喬治·希爾 |  | "On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy" 以其在数学天文学领域的研究贡献 | [80] |
| 1910年 | 弗朗西斯·高尔顿 |  | "On the ground of his researches in heredity" 以其在遗传学上的研究 | [80] |
| 1911年 | 乔治·达尔文 |  | "On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects" 为其在潮汐理论、行星演算及相关领域上的研究贡献 | [80] |
| 1912年 | 菲利克斯·克莱因 |  | "On the ground of his researches in mathematics" 以其在数学上的研究贡献 | [81] |
| 1913年 | 雷·兰克斯特 |  | "On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him" 基于他开展的高科学价值的动物学研究 | [82] |
| 1914年 | 約瑟夫·湯姆森 |  | "On the ground of his discoveries in physical science" 以其在物理科学上的发现 | [80] |
| 1915年 | 巴甫洛夫 |  | "On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system" 基于他对消化系统生理学和神经系统高级中枢的研究 | [80] |
| 1916年 | 詹姆斯·杜瓦 |  | "For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases" 因他在物理化学方面的重要研究，尤其是他对气体液化的研究 | [80] |
| 1917年 | 埃米尔·鲁克斯 |  | "On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy" 以其在细菌学领域的杰出贡献，以及血清疗法中的先锋作用 | [83] |
| 1918年 | 亨德里克·洛伦兹 |  | "On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics" 基于他在数学物理方面的杰出研究 | [80] |
| 1919年 | 威廉·贝利斯 |  | "On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics" 基于他在普通生理学和生物物理学方面的研究 | [80] |
| 1920年 | 贺拉斯·特伯勒·布朗 |  | "On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c" 基于他在碳水化合物等化学领域上的研究工作 | [84] |
| 1921年 | 约瑟夫·拉莫尔 | | "For his researches in mathematical physics" 以他在数学物理上的研究 | [85] |
| 1922年 | 欧内斯特·卢瑟福 |  | "For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure" 因他在放射性和原子结构上的研究 | [80] |
| 1923年 | 贺拉斯·兰姆 |  | "For his researches in mathematical physics" 以他在数学物理上的研究 | [86] |
| 1924年 | 爱德华·阿尔伯特·沙佩沙尔 |  | "For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences" 因他在生理学和组织学方面所做的宝贵工作，以及他在这些科学领域的领导地位 | — |
| 1925年 | 阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦 |  | "For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory" 以其在相对论与量子论上的贡献 | [80] |
| 1926年 | 弗雷德里克·霍普金斯 |  | "For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry" 因其在生物化学中的杰出且丰硕的成果 | [87] |
| 1927年 | 查尔斯·斯科特·谢灵顿 |  | "For his distinguished work on neurology" 以其在神经病学上的卓越成果 | [88] |
| 1928年 | 查尔斯·阿尔杰农·帕森斯 |  | "For his contributions to engineering science" 以其对工程科学的贡献 | — |
| 1929年 | 馬克斯·普朗克 |  | "For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory" 因他在理论物理学上的贡献，特别是作为量子理论的鼻祖 | [89] |
| 1930年 | 威廉·亨利·布拉格 |  | "For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity" 对他在晶体学和放射现象上的卓越贡献 | [90] |
| 1931年 | 阿瑟·舒斯特 |  | "For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism" 以其在光学和地磁学上的卓越研究 | [91] |
| 1932年 | 乔治·海尔 |  | "For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory" | [92] |
| 1933年 | 西奥博尔德·史密斯 |  | "For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man" | [93] |
| 1934年 | 约翰·斯科特·霍尔丹 |  | "In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering" | [94] |
| 1935年 | 查尔斯·威耳逊 |  | "For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties" | [95] |
| 1936年 | 阿瑟·埃文斯 |  | "In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age" | [96] |
| 1937年 | 亨利·哈利特·戴尔 |  | "In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems" | [97] |
| 1938年 | 尼爾斯·波耳 |  | "In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure" | [98] |
| 1939年 | 托马斯·亨特·摩尔根 |  | "For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution" | [99] |
| 1940年 | 保羅·朗之萬 |  | "For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics" | [100] |
| 1941年 | 托马斯·刘易斯 |  | "For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart" | [101] |
| 1942年 | 罗伯特·鲁宾逊 |  | "For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry" | [102] |
| 1943年 | 约瑟夫·巴克罗夫特 |  | "For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood" | [103] |
| 1944年 | 杰弗里·泰勒 | "For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications" | [104] | |
| 1945年 | 奥斯瓦尔德·埃弗里 |  | "For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases" | [105] |
| 1946年 | 埃德加·阿德里安 |  | "For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions" | [106] |
| 1947年 | 戈弗雷·哈罗德·哈代 |  | "For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years" | [107] |
| 1948年 | 阿奇博尔德·希尔 |  | "For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues" | [108] |
| 1949年 | 乔治·德海韦西 |  | "For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes" | [109] |
| 1950年 | 詹姆斯·查德威克 |  | "For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron" | [110] |
1951-2000
| 年份 | 获奖者 | 肖像 | 获奖理由 | 注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1951年 | 大卫·凯林 |  | "For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes" | [111] |
| 1952年 | 保羅·狄拉克 |  | "In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics" | [112] |
| 1953年 | 阿尔伯特·克吕沃尔 | | "For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology" | — |
| 1954年 | E. T. 魏泰克 | | "For his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics" | [113] |
| 1955年 | 罗纳德·费希尔 |  | "In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology" | [114] |
| 1956年 | 帕特里克·布莱克特 |  | "In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism" | — |
| 1957年 | 霍华德·弗洛里 |  | "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine" | [115] |
| 1958年 | 约翰·伊登斯尔·利特尔伍德 | | "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations" | [116] |
| 1959年 | 弗兰克·麦克法兰·伯内特 |  | "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology" | [117] |
| 1960年 | 哈罗德·杰弗里 | | "In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy" | [118] |
| 1961年 | 汉斯·阿道夫·克雷布斯 |  | "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles" | [119] |
| 1962年 | 西里尔·欣谢尔伍德 |  | "In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy" | [120] |
| 1963年 | 保罗·法尔兹 |  | "In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology." | — |
| 1964年 | 悉尼·查普曼 |  | "In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis" | [121] |
| 1965年 | 艾伦·劳埃德·霍奇金 |  | "In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology" | — |
| 1966年 | 威廉·劳伦斯·布拉格 |  | "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by X-ray diffraction" | [80] |
| 1967年 | 伯纳德·卡茨 | | "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction" | — |
| 1968年 | 塔德乌什·赖希施泰因 |  | "In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the cortico-steroids" | — |
| 1969年 | 彼得·梅达沃 |  | "In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance" | [80] |
| 1970年 | 亚历山大·罗伯图斯·托德 |  | "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types" | [80] |
| 1971年 | 诺曼·皮里埃 | | "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses" | — |
| 1972年 | 内维尔·莫特 |  | "In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics" | [80] |
| 1973年 | 安德鲁·赫胥黎 |  | "In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction" | — |
| 1974年 | W. V. D. 霍奇 | | "In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals" | [122] |
| 1975年 | 佛朗西斯·克里克 |  | "In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology" 以表彰其对DNA分子结构的阐明以及对分子生物学的持续贡献 | [80] |
| 1976年 | 多萝西·霍奇金 |  | "In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin" 以表彰她在复杂分子结构上的出色工作，特别是青霉素、维生素B12与胰岛素 | [80] |
| 1977年 | 弗雷德里克·桑格 |  | "In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids" 以表彰其在蛋白质化学结构以及核苷酸测序上的杰出工作 | [80] |
| 1978年 | 罗伯特·伯恩斯·伍德沃德 |  | "In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry" 以表彰他在人工合成复杂天然产物上的巨大贡献以及对轨道对称的重要性的发现 | [80] |
| 1979年 | 马克斯·佩鲁茨 |  | "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject" | [80] |
| 1980年 | 德里克·巴顿 | | "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and , in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry" | [80] |
| 1981年 | 彼得·米切尔 | | "In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction" | [80] |
| 1982年 | 约翰·康福思 | | "In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemically-controlled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules" 以表彰他在化学合成的立体可控性和重要生物分子的生物合成上的杰出研究 | [123] |
| 1983年 | 罗德尼·罗伯特·波特 | | "In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins" | — |
| 1984年 | 苏布拉马尼扬·钱德拉塞卡 | | "In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity" | [124] |
| 1985年 | 阿龙·克卢格 |  | "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them" 以表彰他对阐明复杂生物结构的杰出贡献及用以定义这些结构的方法 | — |
| 1986年 | 鲁道夫·佩尔斯 |  | "In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials" 以表彰他在理論物理學廣泛領域的基礎貢獻，以及對於提議易裂變材料會發生核子連鎖反應的可能性這標誌性進展 | — |
| 1987年 | 罗宾·希尔 | | "In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis" 以表彰他在理解光合作用的电子传递主要途径的性质和机理上的开创性贡献 | — |
| 1988年 | 迈克尔·阿蒂亚 |  | "In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics" | [125] |
| 1989年 | 色萨·米尔斯坦 |  | "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response" | — |
| 1990年 | 阿卜杜勒·萨拉姆 |  | "In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces" 以表彰他在自然对称之律特别是弱相互作用与电磁相互作用的统一理论上的贡献 | [126] |
| 1991年 | 西德尼·布伦纳 |  | "In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project" 以表彰其在分子生物与发育生物学的上的许多贡献，及其近期在人类基因组计划中的角色 | — |
| 1992年 | 乔治·波特 |  | "In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology" 以表彰他对快速光化学和光物理学进程的基础解释及其在化学和生物学中的应用 | [127] |
| 1993年 | 詹姆斯·杜威·沃森 |  | "In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome" 以表彰他对DNA的不倦寻求，从阐明其结构直到人类基因组测序对社会和医学所产生的影响 | [128] |
| 1994年 | Frank, Frederick CharlesFrederick Charles·Frank | | "In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems" | — |
| 1995年 | Fenner, FrankFrank·Fenner | "In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease" | — | |
| 1996年 | Cottrell, AlanAlan·Cottrell | | "In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects" | [129] |
| 1997年 | Huxley, HughHugh·Huxley | | "In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology" | — |
| 1998年 | Lighthill, JamesJames·Lighthill | "In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his ground-breaking work on both external bio-fluid-dynamics – analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying – and internal bio-fluid-dynamics, including flow in the cardiovascular system and the airways, and cochlear mechanics and other aspects of hearing" | [130] | |
| 1999年 | 约翰·梅纳德·史密斯 |  | "In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth" 以表彰他在进化生物学的开创性贡献，包括他对性选择理论的试验性工作，他在我们了解老化上的重要贡献，他引入博弈论方法来对复杂进化场景进行分析和他对分子进化的研究以及他对遗传搭车的经典之作并他近来对细菌数量生长的工作 | [131] |
2001年至今
| 年份 | 获奖者 | 肖像 | 获奖理由 | 注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001年 | 雅克·米勒 | | "For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells" | — |
| 2002年 | 约翰·波普尔 | | "For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology" | [132] |
| 2003年 | 约翰·格登 |  | "For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology" | — |
| 2004年 | 哈罗德·克罗托 |  | "in recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science" | [133] |
| 2005年 | 保罗·纳斯 |  | "for his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division." 因他对普通细胞生物学上的贡献，及阐明细胞如何对分裂进行控制 | — |
| 2006年 | 史蒂芬·霍金 |  | "For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology. " 以表彰他對於理論物理學與理論宇宙學做出傑出貢獻 | [24] |
| 2007年 | 罗伯特·梅 |  | "for his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance." | — |
| 2008年 | 羅傑·潘洛斯 |  | "for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang." | — |
| 2009年 | 馬丁·埃文斯 |  | "for his seminal work on embryonic stem cells in mice, which revolutionised the field of genetics." | — |
| 2010年 | 戴维·科克斯 |  | "for his seminal contributions to the theory and applications of statistics." | [134] |
| 托马斯·林达尔 | | "for his seminal contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry of DNA repair." | [134] | |
| 2011年 | 丹·麥克肯澤 | | "For his seminal contributions to the understanding of geological and geophysical phenomena including tectonic plates." | — |
| 2012年 | 约翰·沃克 | | "For his ground-breaking work on bioenergetics, discovering the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion." | [135] |
| 2013年 | 安德烈·海姆 |  | "For his numerous scientific contributions and, in particular, for initiating research on two‐dimensional atomic crystals and their artificial heterostructures." | — |
| 2014年 | 亚历克·杰弗里斯 |  | "For his pioneering work on variation and mutation in the human genome." 因他对人类基因组中变异与突变的前瞻性工作 | [136] |
| 2015 | 彼得·希格斯 |  | "For his fundamental contribution to particle physics with his theory explaining the origin of mass in elementary particles, confirmed by the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider." | [137] |
| 2016 | 理查德·亨德森 | | "In recognition of his fundamental and revolutionary contributions to the development of electron microscopy of biological materials, enabling their atomic structures to be deduced." | [138] |
| 2017 | 安德魯·懷爾斯 |  | "For his beautiful and unexpected proof of Fermat's Last Theorem which is one of the most important mathematical achievements of the 20th century." | [139] |
参见
^ 1.01.1 Oxford DNB article:Gray, Stephen (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29].
^ 2.02.12.2 Oxford DNB article:Desaguliers, John Theophilus (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29].
^ Oxford DNB article:Belchier, John (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29].
^ Oxford DNB article:Hales, Stephen (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29].
^ Oxford DNB article:Stuart, Alexander (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29].
^ Oxford DNB article:Middleton, Christopher (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29].
^ Oxford DNB article:Baker, Henry (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29].
^ Oxford DNB article:Watson, Sir William (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29].
^ Robins biography. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-29].
^ 10.010.1 Jungnickel, Christa. Cavendish. DIANE publishing. 1996 [2009-01-29].
^ Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You – Timeline – James Bradley. Florida State University. [2009-01-29].
^ Jungnickel, Christa. Cavendish. DIANE publishing. 1996 [2009-01-29].
^ RCP Heritage – George Edwards. Royal College of Physicians. [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2006-05-04）. 无效|dead-url=bot: unknown(帮助)
^ 14.014.1 Jungnickel, Christa. Cavendish. DIANE publishing. 1996 [2009-01-29].
^ Oxford DNB article:Pringle, Sir John (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29].
^ Franklin_Benjamin biography. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-29].
^ Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution. Manchester University Press. 1969 [2009-01-29].
^ Oxford DNB article:Huxham, John (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29].
^ Oxford DNB article:Dollond family (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15].
^ Engineering Timelines – John Smeaton. Engineering Timelines. [2009-01-29].
^ Oxford DNB article:Wilson, Benjamin (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29].
^ The British Society for the History of Mathematics. British Society for the History of Mathematics. [2009-02-06].
^ Maskelyne biography. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-29].
^ 24.024.1 Stephen Hawking wins Copley Medal. Trinity College, Cambridge. [2009-02-07]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-05）. 无效|dead-url=bot: unknown(帮助)
^ 25.025.1 Digital Collections – Manuscripts – Item 15a – 15z, 15(1) – 15(20): Addresses to the Royal Society, London the first on being appointed to the Chair and later addresses on presentations of the Copley Medal, 1778–1796.. National Library of Australia. [2009-01-29].
^ Friedrich William Herschel. Florida State University. [2009-02-07].
^ Waring summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-29].
^ John Hunter: ‘Founder of Scientific Surgery’ – HemOnc Today. HemOnc Today. [2009-02-08].
^ Oxford DNB article:Blagden, Charles (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. [2009-01-29].
^ Oxford DNB article: Thompson, Sir Benjamin (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-08].
^ Ramsden summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-29].
^ Attwood summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-29].
^ Oxford DNB article:Hatchett, Charles (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29].
^ British Society for the History of Mathematics. University of Warwick. [2009-01-29].
^ Sears, Derek. Edward Charles Howard (PDF). University of Arkansas. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-03-20）.
^ Cooper, Sir Astley Paston (1768–1841). Aim25. [2009-02-03].
^ Wollaston. Hebrew University of Jerusalem. [2009-02-08].
^ Griffith, WP. PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals. Platinum Metals Review. [2009-02-03].
^ Griffith, WP. PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals. Platinum Metals Review. [2009-02-03].
^ 40.0040.0140.0240.0340.0440.0540.0640.0740.0840.0940.1040.1140.1240.1340.1440.1540.1640.1740.1840.1940.2040.2140.22 Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15].
^ Darrow, GM. Early Breeding in Europe. United States National Agricultural Library. [2009-02-03].
^ Troughton Summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-30].
^ Sir David Brewster (1781–1868). University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2008-11-04）.
^ SpringerLink – Book Chapter. SpringerLink. [2009-02-08].
^ 45.045.1 Herschel summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-30].
^ William Buckland & Reliquae Diluvianae. University of Minnesota. [2009-02-08].
^ Arago summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-30].
^ Airy summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-30].
^ Poisson summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-30].
^ Chambers Search Chambers. Chambers Harrap. [2009-02-05].
^ Gauss summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-08].
^ Oxford DNB article:Brown, Robert (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15].
^ Brock, William H. Justus Von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper. Cambridge University Press. 2002 [2009-02-15].
^ Sturm summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-15].
^ Ohm biography. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-15].
^ MacCullagh summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05].
^ Morselli, Mario. Amedeo Avogadro, a Scientific Biography. Springer. 1984 [2009-02-05]. ISBN 978-90-277-1624-8.
^ Le Verrier biography. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05].
^ Adams summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03].
^ Own, Richard: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Wiley InterScience. [2009-02-05].
^ Humboldt – Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander – von – 1769–1859 – Baron – German naturalist, geologist and explorer. University of Edinburgh. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-23）.
^ BjS: Academic Lineage. Yale University. [2009-02-05].
^ Weber summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03].
^ Darwin and the Copley Medal (PDF). American Philosophical Society. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2005-12-16）.
^ Chasles summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03].
^ Plucker summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03].
^ Helmholtz summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03].
^ Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science. Journal of Industrial Science. [2009-02-05].
^ Jean Baptiste Boussingault (PDF). Journal of Nutrition. [2009-02-05].
^ Clausius summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03].
^ Sylvester summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03].
^ Cayley summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03].
^ Thompson summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03].
^ Neumann_Franz summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03].
^ Newcomb summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03].
^ Stokes summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03].
^ Weierstrass summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03].
^ Rayleigh summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03].
^ Gibbs summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05].
^ 80.0080.0180.0280.0380.0480.0580.0680.0780.0880.0980.1080.1180.1280.1380.1480.1580.1680.1780.1880.1980.2080.2180.2280.2380.2480.2580.2680.27 Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal. Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15].
^ Klein summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05].
^ Obituary: Edwin Ray Lankester (PDF). National Marine Biological Laboratory. [2009-02-05].
^ Notes and Records of the Royal Society. Royal Society Publishing. [2009-02-05].
^ Obituary notice: Horace Tabberer Brown (PDF). Biochemical Journal. [2009-02-05].
^ Larmour summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05].
^ Lamb summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05].
^ Oxford DNB article: Hopkins, Sir Frederick (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15].
^ Sir Charles Sherrington – Biography. Nobel Foundation. [2009-02-05].
^ Planck summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-15].
^ William Bragg – Biography. Nobel Foundation. [2009-02-15].
^ Sir Arthur Schuster. The Astrophysical Journal. Bibcode:1935ApJ....81...97H. doi:10.1086/143618.
^ George Ellery Hale: Acknowledgements. Franklin Institute. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-30）.
^ Award of the Copley Medal of the Royal Society to Professor Theobald Smith. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Bibcode:1933Sci....78R.598.. doi:10.1126/science.78.2035.598.
^ Oxford DNB article: Haldane, John Scott (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15].
^ C.T.R.Wilson – Biography. Nobel Foundation. [2009-02-15].
^ Sir Arthur Evans, F.R.S: Abstract. Nature. [2009-02-05].
^ Sir Henry Dale – Biography. Nobel Foundation. [2009-02-15].
^ Bohr_Niels summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-15].
^ Thomas H. Morgan – Biography. Nobel Foundation. [2009-02-15].
^ Medal Awards of the Royal Society. Nature. [2009-02-15].
^ Thomas Lewis. Cardiology Journal. [2009-02-05]. [失效連結]
^ Sir Robert Robinson – Biography. nobelprize.org. [2009-02-15].
^ Sir Joseph Barcroft of Cambridge. Archives of Disease in Childhood. [2009-02-05].
^ Taylor_Geoffrey summay. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05].
^ The Oswald T. Avery Collection: Biographical Information. United States National Library of Medicine. [2009-02-15].
^ Oxford DNB article:Adrian, Edgar Douglas (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15].
^ Hardy summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05].
^ Oxford DNB article:Hill, Archibald Vivian (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15].
^ Royal Society: Anniversary Address By Sir Robert Robinson, O.M., F.R.S. Nature. [2009-02-15].
^ Oxford DNB article:Chadwick, James (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15].
^ Oxford DNB article:Keilin, David (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15].
^ Oxford DNB article:Dirac, Paul(subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15].
^ Whittaker summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05].
^ Fisher summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05].
^ Oxford DNB article:Florey, Howard (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15].
^ Littlewood summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05].
^ Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet – Biography. nobelprize.org. [2009-02-05].
^ Jeffreys summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05].
^ Sir Hans Adolf Krebs. nobel-winners.com. [2009-02-05].
^ Oxford DNB article:Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15].
^ Oxford DNB article:Chapman, Sydney (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15].
^ Hodge summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05].
^ Emeritus Professor Sir John Cornforth – Alumni & Friends. University of Sydney. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-21）.
^ Chandrasekhar biography. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-15].
^ Atiyah biography. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-15].
^ Oxford DNB article:Salam, Abdus (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15].
^ Oxford DNB article:Porter, George (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15].
^ Copley Medal. Royal Society website. The Royal Society. [April 19, 2013].
^ MRS Website: Award Presentations. Materials Research Society. [2009-02-15].
^ Lighthill summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05].
^ John Maynard Smith January 6, 1920 – April 19, 2004. Genetics. [2009-02-15].
^ Obituary: John A. Pople. The Observer. [2009-02-15].
^ FSU highlights. Florida State University. [2009-02-15].
^ 134.0134.1 Two medals were awarded to celebrate the Society's 350th anniversary: Recent award winners 2010. The Royal Society. [2010-10-06].
^ . The Royal Society http://royalsociety.org/news/top-scientists-2012/. [2012-09-06]. 缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
^ Leicester University Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys wins science's oldest prize. Leicester Mercury. 5 August 2014 [5 August 2014].
^ Copley Medal 2015
^ Copley Medal 2016
^ [1]
外部連結
- Royal Society: Träger der Copley-Medaille
| ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||
